Your 80 year old great aunt Evelyn was placing a canning jar on the top shelf when she stepped awkwardly off of the stool and twisted her leg at the hip. After collapsing to the floor, she found that she could no longer stand. She was taken to the emergency room where X-rays revealed that the neck of her femur was fractured. A bone scan revealed reduced bone mass in the head and neck regions of the injured femur, in other long bones of the body and in the vertebrae. Surgery was required to repair the femur, and a biopsy of the bone tissue revealed that the composition of the osteoid is normal. Healing of the fracture is proceeding slowly. 1. List and describe the functions of the hormones involved in calcium regulation. 2. What happens to bone density as one ages? 3. Explain the significance of your aunts gender. 4. Choose a therapy and explain how it works to prevent the disease. 5. What is the specific role of Vitamin D in calcium homeostasis? While playing ice hockey, John Orr was hit hard by a hockey stick in mid-shaft of his left humerus. He was taken to the emergency room where he presented with signs of tenderness, swelling, deformity, and abnormal movements of his left upper limb. The examination revealed an inability to extend the wrist and at the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joint. He also has sensory deficits over the lower arm, posterior forearm, and the radial side of the dorsum of the hand. Measurement of the limb showed some shortening compared to the right limb. X-rays were ordered. X-ray report: fracture mid shaft of the humerus. Note proximal fragment of the bone is abducted, distal fragment is displaced proximally. 6. What is the correct anatomical term for the mid-shaft of the humerus? 7. The description of the alignment of the bone pieces states the distal portion is displaced proximally. What does this mean in laymans terms? 8. John also is noted as having sensory deficits on the radial side of the dorsum of the hand. Explain the location of his sensory loss in laymans terms. 9. The shoulder joint is the articulation between the humerus and scapula. What specific regions of these two bones are involved in this joint? What type of joint is the shoulder joint? 10. The elbow is the articulation between the humerus, radius, and ulna. What specific regions of these bones are involved in the joint? What type of joint is the elbow joint? You must cite all references you used in answering the questions. Use APA format for both your in text and full reference citations.
